Estudiar, per als diferents valors de \(\lambda\), la compatibilitat del sistema \(\begin{cases} \lambda x + 3y – z = 3 \\ x + \lambda y + z = 1 \\ x – y – z = \lambda \end{cases}\)
Les matrius de coeficients i ampliada són $$\begin{cases} A = \begin{pmatrix} \lambda & 3 & -1 \\ 1 & \lambda & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \\ A^* = \begin{pmatrix} \lambda & 3 & -1 & 3 \\ 1 & \lambda & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 & \lambda \end{pmatrix} \end{cases}$$ \[ \Delta = -\lambda^2 + 3 + 1 + \lambda \cdot \lambda \cdot 3 = -\lambda^2 + 2\lambda + 7 = 0 \Rightarrow \lambda^2 – 2\lambda – 7 = 0; \lambda = \frac{2 \pm \sqrt{32}}{2} = 1 \pm \sqrt{7}\]
- Si \(\lambda \neq 1 \pm \sqrt{7}\xrightarrow[]{\Delta\neq 0} \text{rg} A = 3 = \text{rg} A^* = \text{nº d’incògnites}\implies SCD \).
- Si \(\lambda = 1 + \sqrt{7}\), \(\det A = 0\) i \( A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 + \sqrt{7} & 3 & -1 \\ 1 & 1 + \sqrt{7} & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \). Com \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ -1 & -1 \end{vmatrix} = -2 \neq 0\), \(\text{rg} A = 2\). La matriu \( A^* \) és \(\begin{pmatrix} 1 + \sqrt{7} & 3 & -1 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 + \sqrt{7} & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \) $\xrightarrow[f_2 + f_1=f_2]{f_1 – f_3=f_3}$ \begin{pmatrix} 1 + \sqrt{7} & 3 & -1 & 3 \\ 2 + \sqrt{7} & 4 + \sqrt{7} & 0 & 0 \\ \sqrt{7} & 4 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}\] Com el menor de \( A^* \), \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 + \sqrt{7} & 3 & 3 \\ 2 + \sqrt{7} & 4 + \sqrt{7} & 0 \\ \sqrt{7} & 4 & 0 \end{vmatrix} = -1 \cdot \begin{vmatrix} 2 + \sqrt{7} & 4 + \sqrt{7} \\ \sqrt{7} & 4 \end{vmatrix} = 1 \neq 0\), \(\text{rg} A^* = 3\). Llavors, \(\text{rg} A^* = 3 \neq \text{rg} A = 2\). Pel teorema de Rouché-Fröbenius, el sistema és incompatible.
- Si \(\lambda = 1 – \sqrt{7}\), \(\det A = 0\) i \( A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 – \sqrt{7} & 3 & -1 \\ 1 & 1 – \sqrt{7} & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \). Com \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ -1 & -1 \end{vmatrix} = -2 \neq 0\), \(\text{rg} A = 2\).La matriu \( A^* \) és \(\begin{pmatrix} 1 – \sqrt{7} & 3 & -1 & 3 \\ 1 & 1 – \sqrt{7} & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 & -1 & 1 – \sqrt{7} \end{pmatrix} \) $\xrightarrow[f_2 – f_1=f_2]{f_1 – f_3=f_3}$ \begin{pmatrix} 1 – \sqrt{7} & 3 & -1 & 3 \\ 2 – \sqrt{7} & 4 – \sqrt{7} & 0 & 0 \\ \sqrt{7} & 4 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}\] Com el menor de \( A^* \), \(\begin{vmatrix} 1 – \sqrt{7} & 3 & 3 \\ 2 – \sqrt{7} & 4 – \sqrt{7} & 0 \\ -\sqrt{7} & 4 & 0 \end{vmatrix} = -1 \cdot \begin{vmatrix} 2 – \sqrt{7} & 4 – \sqrt{7} \\ -\sqrt{7} & 4 \end{vmatrix} = 1 \neq 0\), \(\text{rg} A^* = 3\). Llavors, \(\text{rg} A^* = 3 \neq \text{rg} A = 2\). Pel teorema de Rouché-Fröbenius, el sistema també és incompatible.
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