LEMNISCATA
Matemàtiques, física, química…
\begin{equation}
A = \begin{bmatrix}
0 & -1 & 1 \\
2 & -3 & 1 \\
1 & -1 & -1
\end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
p(\lambda) = \det(A – \lambda I) = \det \begin{bmatrix}
-\lambda & -1 & 1 \\
2 & -3-\lambda & 1 \\
1 & -1 & -1-\lambda
\end{bmatrix} = \lambda^3 + 4\lambda^2 + 5\lambda + 2
\end{equation}
$\text{Possible arrels enters: } \pm 1, \pm 2$
\begin{equation}
p(-1) = (-1)^3 + 4(-1)^2 + 5(-1) + 2 = -1 + 4 – 5 + 2 = 0
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
p(\lambda) = (\lambda + 1)(\lambda^2 + 3\lambda + 2) = (\lambda + 1)^2(\lambda + 2)
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\lambda_1 = -1 \quad (\text{multiplicitat } 2), \quad \lambda_2 = -2
\end{equation}
$\text{Espai propi per } \lambda = -1: (A + I) \mathbf{v} = 0,
\quad A + I = \begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 & 1 \\
2 & -2 & 1 \\
1 & -1 & 0
\end{bmatrix}$
\begin{equation}
\begin{cases}
x – y + z = 0 \\
2x – 2y + z = 0 \\
x – y = 0
\end{cases}
\Rightarrow
\begin{cases}
x = y \
z = 0
\end{cases}
\Rightarrow \mathbf{v} = t \begin{bmatrix} 1 \ 1 \ 0 \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
$\text{Espai propi per } \lambda = -2: (A + 2I) \mathbf{v} = 0,
\quad A + 2I = \begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 & 1 \\
2 & -1 & 1 \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{bmatrix}$
\begin{equation}
\begin{cases}
2x – y + z = 0 \\
x – y + z = 0
\end{cases}
\Rightarrow
x = 0, \quad z = y
\Rightarrow \mathbf{v} = s \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation}
$\text{Dimensions dels espais propis: } \dim E_{-1} = 1, \quad \dim E_{-2} = 1$
$\text{Com que } 1 + 1 < 3\Longrightarrow A \text{ NO és diagonalitzable}$